http://monsoonwok.com/wood-tube/
How I can make wood alcohol? Is it necessary to boil the water vapor?
Please give me a step by step method, from type of wood I need the method of evacuating air from the tube containing the wood. Besides, I need to use a distillation apparatus for cooling vapors with water to become liquid, or I can just boil the water vapor?
The idea of extracting the wood alcohol, subjecting the latter to hydrolysis and fermentation is very old. Already in 1819, Braconnet had published a memorandum on this subject. Since then there have been numerous attempts to distillation wood, and these have resulted in the issuance of many patents. In 1894, Simonsen had recommended the treatment of sawdust with dilute acids at high pressure. His trial, which led to 7.5 to 9 liters of 100-degree obtained alcohol per 100 kilograms of dry wood, he did not, however, is an industrial process due to dilution excessive saccharine juices. Since 1899, Classen studied the hydrolysis of wood and recommended a series of work processes. His method was to use sulphurous acid hydrolysis agent. Sawdust is impregnated with a saturated solution of sulfuric acid at a rate of 3 percent of the dry weight of wood. Heating and transport it to 150 degrees with less than seven pounds of pressure for 4-6 hours, the residue was extracted by percolation and saccharine juices are fermented after neutralization. This process has been applied in the United States, later was abandoned there due to corrosion of equipment, the difficulty of extraction and consumption of coal and sulphurous acid. Roth uses sulfur dioxide or hydrochloric acid at a rate of 3% to 4% in the presence of ozone, at pressures up to 20 atmospheres. According to the patent, Fermentable dextrose 34 kg can be obtained per 100 kg of pine wood. Koermer found no favorable action of sulphurous acid Classen said. He noted, on the contrary, that the addition of oxydizing agents reduced the yield of sugar, except hydrogen peroxide. Since 1910, Tomlinson implemented large scale in America, making alcohol from sawdust. The process used in the Georgetown works is as follows: pine sawdust is put into digesters rotating steel plate covered with ceramic tiles, together with dilute acid suphuric. The heating by direct steam injection under pressure during an hour. The steam is condensed and recovered partially depleted of turpentine (200 to 300 grams per ton of dry wood). The sawdust is then extracted in a diffusion battery, press and used as fuel. The juice obtained is partly neutralized, filtered, cooled and sent to fermentation. This is accomplished by first preparing of a crop of barley malt and yeast, then the spread of yeast obtained in a cold brew of malt sprouts in the sweet juice. After development, the yeast used to inoculate the juice of saccharin in the fermentation tanks. The industrial performance under normal conditions, reaching 7.3 liters of 100 degrees alcohol per 100 kilograms of dry wood, and the mill's annual production is 20,000 hectoliters of alcohol. In France, the manufacture of alcohol from sawdust was studied and industrial applications in a distillery in the Ardèche region before 1914. During the war, the issue of manufacturing wood alcohol was taken in the light the need for alcohol for national defense. Dubosc research led to the following conclusions: saccharifying sawdust with 2 parts of sulfuric acid (90-95% H2SO4) per 100 parts of dry sawdust, the maximum yield is obtained at a pressure of 7.5 atmospheres, yield decreases above or below this pressure. Conversion takes place as soon as it reaches 7.5 atmospheres, in fact, the maximum yield is obtained in 15 minutes. The increased length does not increase sugar content, but reduced, sawdust is attacked and harmful byproducts are formed. With pine sawdust, the yields of 22-23% of sugar obtained, giving an average of 100-115 liters of alcohol at 95% per tonne of treated wood. Besides sugar, acetic acid is produced at a rate of 1.4% of the treated wood formic acid as well. This acid is produced in quantities that increase with the duration of cooking at 7.5 atmospheres, and this fact is very important, taking into account the negative effects of formic acid in alcoholic fermentation. In Germany, production of wood alcohol was carried out during the war of 1914-1918 with either the process or the Classen-ten-Doornkaat Windesheim. Classen In the process, the process suffered some modifications that make it a little different from the one described above. The heating of the sawdust is carried out for 40 minutes in autoclave rotating suphurous acid at a pressure of 7 kg (165 degrees). Steam expand as rapidly as possible and the empty mass distributors. The juice obtained is neutralized, nutrient salts are added and fermentation begins with yeast pressed. The yield is 8 to 11 liters per 100 kg of dry matter. At-ten-Doornkaat Windesheim process, sawdust is heated with dilute hydrochloric acid in the presence of catalysts (metal salts) in rotary
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Postal Tubes
If you have some sheets of paper or a poster to send through the post without folding it then the best way is to send them in postal tubes. Postal tubes are made of solid board and come in a range of different sizes and strengths. Manufactured from biodegradable spiral wound solid board tube for excellent strength and performance. End Caps made of plastic are fitted to the ends to seal the postal tubes and are reusable.
Light postal tubes are ideal for keeping the cost of your postage down while still providing protection for your rolled documents in the post.
Medium gauge postal tubes give that bit extra protection you sometimes need but with the trade off of a heavier postal tube and higher postal costs.
Heavy gauge postal tubes give the greatest protection but with the highest costs to postal charges. Coloured postal tubes are now available and are made of a lightweight durable plastic.
Postal tubes are available in A3, A2, A1, B2, B1 to cater for a wide range of product sizes.
Pine trees are the raw material used in the creation of postal tubes. The companies that make the cardboard usually own the land in which these trees are grown so they can harvest the trees and initiate the process of converting the trees into kraft paper. There are chemicals that are used to create a fibrous pulp from the wood chips of the trees. This is called the sulfate process. After the pulp is made, the remaining fibers are then placed into a paper machine that forms them into the large rolls of kraft paper through a process that presses, dries, and rolls the fibers. This is then turned into new postal tubes.
About the Author
Kevin Thomas works for Davpack, a uk packaging supplier. Their friendly staff are waiting to help you choose the right packaging for your business.
Text and content © Copyright of Davenport Paper Co. Ltd 2009
